Though phosphorylation appears to be the main activator for AMPK, some studies suggest that AMP is an allosteric regulator as well as a direct agonist for AMPK. AMPK, as a cellular energy sensor, is activated by decreasing levels of ATP, which is naturally accompanied by increasing levels of ADP and AMP. Since ATP cleavage, and corresponding phosphorylation reactions, are utilized in various processes throughout the body as a source of energy, ATP production is necessary to further create energy for those mammalian cells. The eukaryotic cell enzyme 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, or AMPK, utilizes AMP for homeostatic energy processes during times of high cellular energy expenditure, such as exercise. Physiological role in regulation AMP-activated kinase regulation In a catabolic pathway, adenosine monophosphate can be converted to uric acid, which is excreted from the body in mammals. When RNA is broken down by living systems, nucleoside monophosphates, including adenosine monophosphate, are formed.ĪMP can be regenerated to ATP as follows:ĪMP + ATP → 2 ADP (adenylate kinase in the opposite direction) ADP + P i → ATP (this step is most often performed in aerobes by the ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation)ĪMP can be converted into IMP by the enzyme myoadenylate deaminase, freeing an ammonia group. Or AMP may be produced by the hydrolysis of one high energy phosphate bond of ADP:ĪMP can also be formed by hydrolysis of ATP into AMP and pyrophosphate: Production and degradation ĪMP does not have the high energy phosphoanhydride bond associated with ADP and ATP. AMP is present in all known forms of life. AMP is also a component in the synthesis of RNA. ĪMP plays an important role in many cellular metabolic processes, being interconverted to ADP and/or ATP. As a substituent it takes the form of the prefix adenylyl. It is an ester of phosphoric acid and the nucleoside adenosine. AMP consists of a phosphate group, the sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. Adenosine monophosphate ( AMP), also known as 5'-adenylic acid, is a nucleotide.
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